ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on March 18, 2008
Toxicological Sciences 2008 104(1):40-53; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn057
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Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Perfluorobutyrate in Rats, Mice, Monkeys, and Humans and Relevance to Human Exposure via Drinking Water
* Medical Department, 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota 55144
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Reproductive Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota 55144
Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
¶ The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at 3M Company, Medical Department, 3M Center 220-06-W-08, St Paul, MN 55144. Fax: (651) 733-1773. E-mail: jlbutenhoff{at}mmm.com.
Received January 18, 2008; accepted March 13, 2008
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Abstract |
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Perfluorobutyrate (PFBA) has been detected in precipitation, surface waters, water treatment effluent, and in public and private wells in Minnesota at up to low µg/l concentrations. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of PFBA in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans to provide a rational basis for dose selection in toxicological studies and to aid in human-health-risk assessment. Studies included (1) rats—iv and oral; (2) mice—oral; (3) monkeys—iv; and (4) humans—occupationally exposed volunteers. PFBA was determined in serum (all species), liver (rats and mice), urine (rats, mice, and monkeys), and feces (rats and mice). In addition, we characterized serum PFBA concentrations in 177 individuals with potential exposure to PFBA through drinking water. Mean terminal serum PFBA elimination half-lives for males (M) and females (F), respectively, in h were (1) for rats given 30 mg/kg, 9.22 and 1.76 (oral), and 6.38 and 1.03 (iv); (2) for mice given oral doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg ammonium PFBA, 13.34 and 2.87 at 10 mg/kg, 16.25 and 3.08 at 30 mg/kg; and 5.22 and 2.79 at 100 mg/kg; (3) for monkeys given 10 mg/kg iv, 40.32 and 41.04; and (4) for humans, 72.16 and 87.00 (74.63 combined). Volume of distribution estimates indicated primarily extracellular distribution. Among individuals with plausible exposure via drinking water, 96% of serum PFBA concentrations were < 2 ng/ml (maximum 6 ng/ml). These findings demonstrate that PFBA is eliminated efficiently from serum with a low potential for accumulation from repeated exposure.
Key Words: perfluorobutyrate; PFBA; pharmacokinetics; biomonitoring.
Notice: It has been subjected to review by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.