Toxicological Sciences 70, 212-226 (2002)
Copyright © 2002 by the Society of Toxicology
MOLECULAR AND GENETIC TOXICOLOGY |
Mutagenicity and in Vivo Toxicity of Combined Particulate and Semivolatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Emissions
* Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108;
SKS Consulting Services, 3942 Rives Chapel Rd., Siler City, North Carolina 27344; and
Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585
Exposure to engine emissions is associated with adverse health effects. However, little is known about the relative effects of emissions produced by different operating conditions, fuels, or technologies. Rapid screening techniques are needed to compare the biological effects of emissions with different characteristics. Here, we examined a set of engine emission samples using conventional bioassays. The samples included combined particulate material and semivolatile organic compound fractions of emissions collected from normal- and high-emitter gasoline and diesel vehicles collected at 72°F, and from normal-emitter groups collected at 30°F. The relative potency of the samples was determined by statistical analysis of the dose-response curves. All samples induced bacterial mutagenicity, with a 10-fold range of potency among the samples. Responses to intratracheal instillation in rats indicated generally parallel rankings of the samples by multiple endpoints reflecting cytotoxic, inflammatory, and lung parenchymal changes, allowing selection of a more limited set of parameters for future studies. The parameters selected to assess oxidative stress and macrophage function yielded little useful information. Responses to instillation indicated little difference in potency per unit of combined particulate material and semivolatile organic compound mass between normal-emitter gasoline and diesel vehicles, or between emissions collected at different temperatures. However, equivalent masses of emissions from high-emitter vehicles of both types were more potent than those from normal-emitters. While preliminary in terms of assessing contributions of different emissions to health hazards, the results indicate that a subset of this panel of assays will be useful in providing rapid, cost-effective feedback on the biological impact of modified technology.
Key Words: exhaust emissions; diesel; gasoline; comparative toxicity; intratracheal instillation; mutagenicity; particulate material; semivolatile organic compounds.
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